Review

Aperture controls how much light is allowed to enter the lens. The bigger the aperture, the more light in the picture. Shutter speed controls the length of time the shutter is open. If the shutter speed is fast, it will freeze action. If it is slow, actions will blur. ISO is the sensitivity your picture will have to light. If the ISO is big, it will be brighter  but there will be "noise" which makes your picture look grainy.

Photoshopping is acceptable when cropping images, changing the lighting, or adding some cool effects if need be. However, it is never acceptable to modify a person's body or add subjects to a picture. This is dishonest.

Environmental portraits are pictures of a subject in their environment, essentially. For example, an environmental portrait of a rock star would be them on stage during a concert. Self portraits are when the photographer is also the subject. The picture can be formal, casual, or environmental. The picture also does not have to be of the subject's face. A casual portrait is when the subject is not looking at the camera.

Exposure is the amount of light the picture has. Depth of field is how much of the picture is in focus. A shallow depth of field is when only a small part of the picture is in focus, and a deep depth of field is when the whole picture is in focus. Focal length is a measure of how much the system divides light.

Early magazine covers were very different than the ones today. They usually had just text on the front and maybe a small illustration, but that was it. A poster magazine cover has little to no text and is just a picture. Married to type covers have a picture, but there is text around the picture stating what is in the magazine. Forest of words is similar to married to type, but is much more extreme. The text is everywhere on the cover, and there is a picture but it's surrounded by text.